The Enlightenments Eras Most Notable Thinkers - 1684 Words

The Enlightenment was a crucial period in modern history for the simple fact that it engendered some of the thoughts that are directly responsible for contemporary social, political, and religious institutions. This epoch, along with the Renaissance, helped to spur Western Civilization out of the Dark Ages and into contemporary conceptions of modernization. Not surprisingly, this time period is characterized by a number of different seditions and the revolutionary tenets that fueled them which were markedly at variance with social, political, and religious notions that preceded them. As these three spheres of life often intersect with one another, there is some degree of difficulty in isolating their specific causes in terms of respective Enlightenment principles. However, history has revealed that some of the most distinguishable characteristics of this historical era are its different ideas regarding the nature of politics and the role of government in ruling over the people, its n ew regard for and conception of traditional viewpoints of religion, and a philosophical divergence with the past in terms of ethics and psychology; a review of the Enlightenments most notable thinkers (such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin) readily confirms this thesis. One of the central tenets of the Enlightenment that profoundly affected the confluence of social, political and religious aspects of life is the notion that man was endowed with the power toShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment1278 Words   |  6 Pages World Literature The Enlightenment’s Impact on the Modern World The Enlightenment, Age of Reason, began in the late 17th and 18th century. This was a period in Europe and America when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and respect for humanity. This period promoted scientific thought, skeptics, and intellectual interchange: dismissing superstition, intolerance, and for some, religion. Western Europe, Germany, France, and Great Britain

The Net Government Of The United States - 1300 Words

Introduction In the book The Net Government of the United States by Donald F. Kettl is an inspiring and at times radical look at our government and its day to day attributes to our society. The ways in which the government operates and the agencies it employs are examined through and through. The author makes many arguments for their failures and against the system itself. This all leads to an opinion and analysis of a way to fix the system. The power of the government to make decisions should be purely of their own right and if the American people vote for these people then they are the leaders. There is no way to accurately fix our system and the theories and conclusions drawn up by Kettl are intriguing, but there is room for more calculation. The book presented multiple terms and theories that I could beacon to. The four that presented me with the biggest ideological standpoints are: The Mildred Paradox, The Mildred Corollary, The Vending Machine Model, and The Tectonic Plates. All of these sp arked an interest with me and helped me shaped my own opinion on this book and the ideas presented by it. The Mildred Paradox In the book Kettl defines the Mildred Paradox as the federal government is doing a lot of service payment but not service provision. That is purely what the modern American public would believe. However, when the public wanted something a while ago they pushed and pushed for it from Congress. The public now has to worry about what to do with theseShow MoreRelatedForeign Tax Credit For Individuals900 Words   |  4 Pagesby the respective government of that location. Therefore, because the United States utilizes a global tax system, the individual or entity may be taxed by the foreign government and definitely taxed by the United States government. Therefore in order to reduce the double taxation liability, the government allows U.S. taxpaying entities to reduce U.S. income tax â€Å"dollar for dollar (credited) by the amount that has been paid in income tax by a U.S. person to a foreign government† (Adams). FurthermoreRead MoreThe Trump Economic Pl Tra de, Regulatory And Energy Policy Impacts, By Peter Navarro And Wilbur Ross Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesThrough these articles, If the net capital outflow is positive, that is, domestic saving exceeds domestic investment, then it suggests that a part of domestic savings is going abroad and the economy is lending to foreigners. Similarly, if the net capital outflow is negative, that is, domestic saving falls short domestic investment, then it suggests that a part of domestic investment is financed from abroad and the economy is borrowing from foreigners. Net capital outflow or net foreign investment thus reflectsRead MoreWhy Virginia Is The Commonwealth Of Virginia1354 Words   |  6 PagesVirginia, officially known as the Commonwealth of Virginia, is one of the thirteen original states in the United States and used to be the first colonial possession established in mainland British America. Due to this reason, Virginia is often called the â€Å"Old Dominion† in many times . According to the historical data and statistics, eight American presidents were born in Virginia, which is more than any other states in the country. Therefore, Virginia is also known as the â€Å"Mother of Presidents†. With aRead MoreKevyn D. Orrs Budget : Budget Analysis Of The Government1234 Words   |  5 Pagesreturned to the city of Detroit (City of Detroit, 2017). Detroit Demographics While demographics may not seem to be all that important when it comes to government finance, they actually play a major role. A jurisdiction measures their ability to finance government-provided services through fiscal capacity (Hyman, 2014). The fiscal capacities of local governments can vary greatly and affect the attached value to the local tax base, and this can be seen in jurisdictions with low tax bases in terms of dollarsRead MoreTax Benefits Of The Tax1250 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine how long you held the asset, the IRS states to â€Å"count from the day after the day you acquired the asset up to and including the day you disposed of the asset† (IRS.gov, 2016) (p. 1). If you have a net capital gain, a lower tax rate may apply to the gain than the tax rate that applies to your ordinary income. A net capital gain is the amount by which your net long-term capital gain for the year is more than your net short-term capital loss for the year. Net long-term capital gain is long-term capitalRead MoreThe United States And European Union1374 Words   |  6 PagesAn Agreement to Create a Favorable Economy by Balancing the Net Export President Obama proclaims a free-trade agreement between the United States and European Union. This issue creates enthusiasm and optimism on both sides. They hope to achieve economic and political benefits. The hard economic time on both the United States and European Union is the main reason of this agreement. Another consideration is the growing economics of China. Europe and USA should work together for dealing with China sRead MoreCensorship on the Internet Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgmentRead MoreArticle Review On Net Neutrality1171 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 6 2-20-15 Net Neutrality Net Neutrality has been argued over for more than a decade, even since the internet became public. It is one of the most controversial topics of the 21st century, and everyone has a different opinion. The united states of America s executive branch believes that the internet should have no â€Å"gatekeepers†, someone or business that doesn’t allow some material through to viewers. Others like the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) believe that the government has good intentionsRead MoreEssay on The United States Current Account Deficit1251 Words   |  6 Pages The largest and richest world economy belongs to the United States (â€Å"North America,† 2011). Interestingly, this same monstrous economy also holds the title for the largest current account deficit. The U.S. current account deficit is funded from net capital inflows from abroad and has continued to grow throughout the last two decades (Holman, 2001). Economists in the early part of th is century theorized that this huge U.S. external deficit was sustainable because it would gradually correctRead MoreChild Labor Essay998 Words   |  4 Pages(%) 2008-2012*, male 100.2 Primary school participation, Gross enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 99.7 Primary school participation, Net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 95 Primary school participation, Net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 96.5 Primary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male – Primary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female – Primary school participation, Survival rate to last primary grade (%) , 2008-2012*, admin. data

Computers and Sociology Free Essays

In Liberal Arts Computers and Sociology Sociologists study societies and social behavioral patterns through an analysis of social, political, religious and economic groups. Sociologist study society combining both theoretical and practical methods. Sociology Is based around four major components: social, cultural, physical, and demographic. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers and Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now How Individuals form social groups and the means of how they develop Is an Intricate determinant for a sociologist’s conclusions. Sociologists specialize in various areas including family dynamics, race and ethnicity, war and revolution, gender roles, socioeconomics and much more. Sociologists are geared to be curious and observant. Always concerned with observing, analyzing, defining, testing, and explaining human behavior. There is no area of modern life where a sociological perspective is of no value. From marketing to business to criminology to medlclne to government, the research provided by sociologist improves sales, increases production, shape social policies, resolve socials injustice and promotes political platforms. Statistics and computers are a key component to the work of a sociologist. Strong analytical skills, data gathering, survey methods and computer techniques are the foundation of ociology. In todays age of computer expansion Is neither person nor thing left unaffected by computers. Computers are using in almost every field of work and aspect of life. Since the 1980’s after computers were mainly using for warfare assistance, computers are used on a daily basis. Whether it is at home, school, or the workplace computers and the technology, which it brought about, is commonly used all over the world. The affect computers have had on society has been immeasurable, with many advantages and few disadvantages. In the past the only way for long distance communication was through he letter system. Now we still use the letter system but the speed of the Internet Is nowhere near reasonable comparison. Like society, communication has been much more efficient and resourceful. Information gathering is now a simple task. Whereas before a person would have to do strenuous searching through books and archives, now information about basically anything can be found at the click of a button. Business has also profited greatly by the innovation of computers. The technical efficiency of computers has structured a new business market that has benefited corporate leaders all the way down to consumers. The standard education and the standard of living have increased. Task such as shopping, booking tickets for shows or airlines, checking bank accounts, etc can all done online. Life is now structured around convince. Criminal records now are also found online, no information is left unavailable. Nowadays basic requirements for most Jobs are knowledge of computers and how use various types of software. Computers are apart of everyone’s lives whether they desire It or not. Society Is made to De Torever evolving ana people, Duslness, polltlcs, even rellglon nave ana will ontinue to adapt to this convenient and efficient lifestyle. Computers and technology has become an indispensable part of our lives. The need for constant communication and information is evident. Technology comes in an abundant amount of forms from the desktop, laptop, tablet, smart phone and so much more. Society has made every person and thing is made accessible. This massive technological boom is affecting every culture. It is drastically changing the ways in which people live their lives. People are easily connected by state-to-state country-to-country and so on. Ideas and information are spread faster and further han ever before. In the end the advancements in communication technology has ultimately brought cultures closer all over the world. For many people in the workforce computers have had an overwhelming effect because of the drastic changes brought upon them; including changes to their work routine and structure. Employees today are in the middle of an information revolution. There is a complete change in the way work is done. Meaning past required skills are archaic and new evolved technological skills are required. For many these changes must bring about fear and resistance. The effect of the Internet on work has also had a great influence on society. Starling weighed in on the issues stating that, â€Å"They generally point to a redistribution of work (and the money that comes with it) out of established centers, such as Western cities, and into more remote areas. Teleworkers can operate in deep countryside, beyond the range of commuters. International data centers can be placed in any country with a passable education system. The ‘net’ effect is probably a good one, redistributing wealth out of concentrated hotspots in cities of the west and into the world at large. (Starling) Starlings view is one that is very positive on the vast effects of computers and the world of globalization pushing marketing through ‘cyberspace’ as a tool for creating world market opportunities in poorer countries. Gabey coincides with his idea of the boom of â€Å"e-commerce† and its worldwide popularity, â€Å"At the time of writing, every four seconds a further eleven organizations establish an Internet presence thereby linking the to the world’s most successful, broadly spread communications network – the World Wide Web. BY 2023, worldwide more than 4 billion people will be surfing he Web, from ‘Teeny Techies’ (aged 6-16) to ‘Silver Surfers’ (aged 50+). (Gabey) Through the benefits of computers and bountiful there are still some negative side effects on society. Society is no longer interested in a common well-being but more of their lives and own problems. The ways of togetherness and the spirit of working together with one another are no longer visible. The ways in which our youth are growing up has drastically changed. No longer do kids spend their free time playing with one another or reading books or talking to their family members. The focus is on a screen or idealizing some new gadget. Face-to-face interactions between people have been considerably reduced. The importance of spreading cultural values has been reduced. Computers have drastically affected society to the point that the entire structure of society and some cultures have changed. Starling states that, â€Å"We access the Internet as individuals, rarely groups. We work alone and entertain ourselves alone. We write emails and talk less on the telephone – a different social interaction favoring different skills. The Internet is changing us as individuals, not Just soclety. † (Starllng) We have adapted and altered aspects of our language to accommodate new age erminology with a new vocabulary. Words like boot up, online, upload, download, ‘cloud, email, and various acronyms, such as MAC, PC, www, . com, @, etc. have worked its way into our language. Society has even created new etiquette in communication. Whether for the better or worse computers have had an influential effect on the main sociological institutions of education, economy, and family life. The effects of computer and the technology it had brought fourth are not going to be here for long. That is because the world is forever evolving and adapting and soon society will acclimatize to newer innovations. We cannot predict progress or what will be of our society and culture in the future but we must accept that, good or bad, because the world hold a million and one new possibilities. How to cite Computers and Sociology, Papers

Communicable Disease free essay sample

A communicable disease can be defined as a disease that is spread or can be spread from one individual to another or sometimes from an animal to a human being (Webber, 2009). The spread of a communicable disease does not only happen through airborne bacteria or viruses, but also through blood and other fluids of the body. Communicable diseases are sometimes termed as contagious or infectious diseases. Tuberculosis is an example of a communicable disease. Tuberculosis or TB is a bacterial and communicable disease that spreads by inhaling tiny droplets from an infected person’s sneezing or coughing (Ramen, 2012). Although this medical condition is serious and can lead to death, it can be treated quite easily especially if detected early enough. The main organ of the body affected by TB is the lungs. Nevertheless, the disease can affect other parts of the body such as circulatory system, central nervous system lymphatic system, and bones among others. Other environmental factors include the lack of public services and assistance, proper medical services and discrimination against those affected with the virus (Nichols, Tchounwoa, amp; Mena, 2009). The influences of lifestyle and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are based on how an individual decides to live his or her life. Intravenous drug users who share used needles are at risk of contracting and transmitting the virus. Men who engage in sexual relations with men are at risk of developing and transmitting the virus. There are many lifestyles that can put an individual at risk for contracting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The socioeconomic status relating to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is usually determined by grouping an individual’s occupation, income, and education level. Even though socioeconomic affects everyone those on the lower end of the spectrum are more likely to contract the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and developing the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The unavailability of resources is related to risky health behavior, which may lead to contracting HIV. Maintaining the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is more effective since the early 1980s. There are more medication readily available than in the early stages of the disease. There are some inconsistencies in the care of individuals with HIV concerning getting the proper access and receiving the needed services in some underserved communities. However, there are many resources available to individuals interested in getting information, getting tested, and getting the necessary treatment for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The recommendation for expanding the communities programs would be to coordinate community resources with federal and state programs. The health department should continue educating the public on how important it is to be tested regularly and if an individual takes an HIV test and get a positive result how important it is to begin treatment to stay healthy. Using the media is a way of getting the information to the public and educating in a nationwide forum. There are new test available that can be done in the privacy of one’s home. Even though the test is not 100% accurate it is something the public can use to determine if someone is positive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The public health department offers at no cost testing for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), counseling, and referral services for individuals who have tested positive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The health department educates how the virus is spread and how to protect oneself from getting the disease. The Ryan White HIV/AIDS program is assists those who are infected with the HIV disease, and it helps the individual gain access to the needed treatment. This program provides medical care and needed support that an individual with HIV/AIDS will need. In conclusion, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infectious disease transmitted in several ways. Since the first outbreak of HIV in the 1980s the annual number of new cases has dropped by more than two- thirds since the 1990s. This is a result of new and advanced treatments for the disease. The government on the national, state, and local levels are working together to try to prevent new cases of HIV by educating the public and providing medical care to infected individuals.

Howards End by E. M. Forster

Analysis of major characters Howards End Analysis of Helen Schlegel Helen Schlegel is an idealistic, kind and very unpractical person. Like her sister Margaret, she is concerned about the struggles of poor people, especially the Basts; however, she cannot offer them valuable help. She has an obvious disdain for money and agrees with her sister, who says that it is â€Å"the warp of the world† (Forster, 98).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howards End by E. M. Forster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, Helen does not realize that without it, she would have been unable to lead a care-free life. She is fond of literature, art, and music; to some degree, they enable her to escape harsh reality or at least not to think about it. This aestheticism does not make her callous or indifferent of other people, but she cannot fully understand what kind of challenges they have to face. She fails to realize that cultu re, education, or art cannot exist without money, she takes them for granted. Helen is genuinely willing to help poor people and she even offers money to the Basts, but she is so generous because she has never had to earn her living. This is the main barrier that prevents her from understanding the needs of these people. Helen’s attitude toward Henry Wilcox tells much about her values and believes. She dislikes this man because of his materialism and disapproves of her sister’s decision to marry him. His business and slightly mercantile character annoys her, and she believes that her sister and Wilcox are incompatible with one another. Overall, it is possible to say that Helen does not accept realistic attitude toward life. Helen is a complete antagonist of Henry Wilcox, though at the end she manages to accept him because she sees that pure aestheticism is not the only components of people’s relations and happiness. Additionally, to Helen’s surprise, Wilc ox proves to be a kind and compassionate man. By describing this conflict between these characters, Edward Forster shows that Helen’s lack of real life knowledge does not allow her to see good qualities in other people. Helen’s behavior suggests that she cannot bear responsibility for her actions. For example, when she becomes pregnant, Helen leaves her family and goes to Germany, in part because she does not other people to know about her condition. Furthermore, Helen avoids meeting her sister, because she is very much ashamed of herself.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eventually, she reconciles herself with Margaret and her husband, but readers can see that Helen’s personality has changed significantly. In particular, she becomes more practical and more aware of those obstacles that common people have to overcome. Apart from that, this character unders tands that her unconcerned attitude was the main cause of Leonard Bast’s death and the ruin of his family, but it is not clear whether she feels regret for her actions. Edward Forster might have included this character into the novel for several reasons. First, Helen represents an intellectual who is alienated from others and whose understanding is based mostly on books rather than real experience. Secondly, her example shows that philosophizing about social injustice or poverty is of very little use, if a person does not feel compassion for people struggling with such problems. Such a person is more likely to harm other people, rather than help them. The author contrasts Helen with Margaret to show how a responsible and caring person should act. Analysis of Margaret Schlegel Margaret Schlegel is compassionate, loving and rather realistic woman. Unlike her sister, she does tries to understand other people’s feelings and needs. The most noticeable trait of her character is the ability to see good in other people. For example, despite the fact that Helen views Henry Wilcox as a callous, rude and mercantile person, Margaret can discern that deep in heart he can be caring and gentle. She is not prone to philosophizing about the needs of poor people; instead she does try to help them. Secondly, one can argue that Margaret is a very forgiving woman, and this trait is not typical of everyone. For example, her sister Helen leaves the family and later does not even want to talk to her; however, Margaret does everything to find her and invites her to her house and her family. This personality trait makes her very appealing to the readers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howards End by E. M. Forster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Margaret continuously tries to keep balance between passion and reason. She can be trustful and critical at the same time. She agrees with people who argue t hat wealth might not be the main priority for a human being but she points out that it lays foundations for art, culture and education. She mentions her sister, who continuously wants to â€Å"to slang the rich, being rich herself† (Forster, p 135). She points out that a person will find it very difficult to think about wealth, if he or she can hardly make ends meet. For Margaret poverty and injustice are not some abstract notions which can be discussed in a friendly conversation, but suffering of real people. Margaret does not style herself as a lofty intellectual who has ready-made answers for every question. Instead, she appears to be a thoughtful and astute person, trying to understand the underlying motives of people’s behavior. This is one of those qualities which distinguish her from her sister and from other characters. Margaret is so much different from her siblings, Helen and Tibby because after their parents’ death she has always been responsible for their well-being. She has less time to muse about art, literature, or society, although she is equally educated and cultured. Unlike other characters of the novel, Margaret attaches great importance to the unity of the family. This is why she attempts to bring Helen back, even though her sister does not to see her. She condemns Helen’s relation with Leonard Bast because she understands that in this way Helen will ruin their family. When Margaret knows that her sister is pregnant, she does not reject her but allows Helen and her child stay at Howard End. In this way, she secures the future of her relatives, although she is not obliged to do it.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This character is of great importance to the author since she sets an example of how a responsible and intelligent person should behave. It should be noted that Margaret is a well-to-do person but this prosperity does not make her oblivious to the problems of others. She manages to preserve the family and help her siblings. Margaret Schlegel is chosen to be the central figure of the novel because she possesses the qualities as compassion, irony, responsibility, and ability to see spiritual beauty of other people. To some degree she represent’s Edward Forster’s ideal of a woman and an intellectual. Works Cited Forster Edward. Howards End. NY: Arc Manor LLC, 2008. Print. This essay on Howards End by E. M. Forster was written and submitted by user JimmyWoo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants

Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants Background In 1986, US lawmakers passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), this move gave official pardon to all illegal immigrants who had successfully eluded justice for many years or were illegally working in the nation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, 2.83 million illegal immigrants were accorded amnesty and made US citizens. Records show that the pardoned persons have produced at least 142,000 dependents to date. Besides, other legislation such as the NACARA, the Haitian Act, and INA (Section 249) has additionally pardoned more than 500,000 illegal immigrants over the years. Amnesty continues to add millions of individuals into the mainstream population, indeed, a research conducted by the Immigration and Naturalization Service made astounding findings: the average person that is offered amnesty had only reached se venth grade and had an annual salary of less than $9,000. When a person is pardoned, he becomes the burden of the state and public finances are used to upkeep such individuals. Amnesty to illegal immigrants has a direct and negative impact on the economy, a study by the Center for Immigration Studies showed that the IRCA pardon costs the economy more than $7.8 billion annually. Amnesty to illegal immigrants strains the economy, the education system, social amenities and rewards those who break the law (Simcox, para. 3). Therefore, this practice must be stopped by current and future governments if any positive gains are to be made on the economy. Amnesty to Illegal Immigrants rewards those who Break the Law Granting amnesty to illegal immigrants rewards illegal conduct to those who crossed borders without the necessary papers or those who have expired visa. It sends the message that one can break the law now, and receive forgiveness later, from the government. In addition, it makes f un of the official immigration system, in which persons who obey the law wait for years to be given official immigration papers. This amnesty encourages more persons to partake in illegal activity with the hope that they too will receive pardon and become citizens. Therefore, in principle, amnesty to illegal immigrants increases the number of persons living in the country illegally (Ivereigh, para. 3). Amnesty does not Reduce Illegal Immigration A close look at immigration figures in Europe over the last three decades shows that granting amnesty to illegal immigrants does not reduce illegal immigration. The tables below show illegal immigration numbers in Italy and Spain the last three decades:Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Italy YEAR 1987/88 1990 1996 1998 2002 NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS 119,000 235,000 259,000 308,000 700,000 Spain YEAR 1985 /86 1991 1996 2000 2001 2005 NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS 44,000 135,000 21,000 127,000 314,000 700,000 Source: Migration Watch UK Italy and Spain have granted amnesty to illegal immigrants six times over the last 20 years, despite these efforts, the tables show that immigration numbers have increased by large margins. In fact, such amnesty programs have encouraged further illegal immigration (Migration Watch UK, para. 4). Today, there are between 8.7 and 11 million illegal immigrants in the US, proponents of amnesty to illegal immigrants asset that this is the same number as was ten years ago, and conclude that illegal immigration is not a big public problem as posited by critics. However, they forget that without the amnesty, there would be nearly 13 million illegal immigrants living in the nation. Burden to the Economy A person who is granted official pardon is, by the same gesture, accorded full access to state resources. These consist of education, health, shelter, and welfare mat ters. Once the amnesty is granted, the individual can bring forth offspring, who are partly covered by the pardon. The costs of access to public resources and welfare benefits are funded by taxpayers, a cost that can be very significant. Amnesty threatens national security When a person applies to become a citizen of our country, the consular officials screen such a person to ensure that he does not a background or history that could be a threat to national and homeland security. Millions of illegal persons have escaped this screening, and an amnesty program makes them legal citizens without the guarantee that they are not a risk to the national security. Conclusion Amnesty to illegal immigrants has far-ranging effects on the economy of our country. Besides depending on public funds for their upkeep, illegal immigrants can be a source of insecurity in our country. Since most illegal immigrants have basic or elementary education, they do not contribute much to the economy immediately after acquiring legal status, hence they drain the nation’s resources. The 1986 IRCA amnesty led to an atmosphere in which our country has had to submit to other nation’s demands, for example, Mexico’s president pushed the government to declare the status of close to five million illegal immigrants as legal residents. Other individuals have joined the queue and the political pressure to repeat the 1986 IRCA amnesty has heightened on the government.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individuals who want to be citizens of our country must follow the legal procedures, and those who jump the procedures must be dealt with according to the legal provisions. Ivereigh, Austen. Amnesty for illegal immigrants. The Guardian, May 2009. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/may/03/amnesty-illegal-immigrants Migration Watch UK. An amnesty for illegal immigrants? 2009. Web. Simcox, David. Measuring the Fallout: The Cost of the IRCA Amnesty after 10 Years. 1997. Web. https://cis.org/Report/Cost-IRCA-Amnesty-After-10-Years

Rodney King Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rodney King Case - Essay Example The driver of the speeding vehicle was Rodney Glenn King. He and two fellow passengers were intoxicated at that time. When the car chase ended, the other two did not resist arrest but Rodney King did. According to the police officers present at the scene, he acted aggressively, seemingly threatening the officers. So, they beat him. In fact, within a few minutes 4 officers had badly kicked Rodney King, shocked him, and used a taser gun and batons. Rodney King sustained eleven skull fractures and major kidney damage (VanHise, n.d.). Had it not been for George Holliday no one would have known of this in-humane behavior. George lived in a nearby flat and happened to have a camera with which he recorded the entire incident. He later gave the tape to a local news channel and by the next day, March 4th 1991, the video was playing on news channels everywhere (BBC, 2002). LAPD maintained that officers acted in self-defense. But the now infamous George Holliday video showed a merciless beating of a man who apparently possessed no weapons of any kind and was under the influence of alcohol and looked to be harmless. The video tape got humongous publicity, and due to the public outrage brought on by it, prosecutors filed charges against some of the police officers involved that night (BBC, 2002). ... Everyone reacted with disbelief but for many, the very first emotion they felt was anger. Jury’s decision was the last spark needed to ignite riots from thousands of people from suppressed communities of Los Angeles (CNN Wire Staff. 2011). Three days of rioting ensued causing a loss of nearly $1 billion in L.A. alone. The riots then extended to other U.S. cities as well leading to 12000 arrests, 2000 reported injuries and 55 deaths. The extensive riots led to a federal civil rights trial of the four accused officers (Delk, 1995). This time around justice was served. The grand jury returned indictments against the officers on the 4th of August. The indictments were for three of the police officers for knowingly and deliberately harming an unarmed individual. Koon was accused because he allowed this illegal act to proceed and did not make an attempt to prevent it from happening. A compensation of 3.8 million dollars was given to Rodney as well (Linder, 2011). That beating on Mar ch 3, 1991 was not King’s last run-in with the law. In the years following the trial he was arrested many times. He has been arrested on charges of domestic abuse, DUI, robbing a convenience store and beating the clerk. Most of his problems stem from his addiction to alcohol. King’s parole officer Tim Fowler, describes him as a guy who can intelligently function in society. His problem, according to Tim, is alcoholism. King started drinking at an early age. Born is Sacramento in 1965, King was an exceptional athlete at his school and was attached to his father who passed away sooner than King would have liked. King helped his father in cleaning commercial buildings taking the late night shift of 5 pm to 2 am. This really disturbed his

Buyers behaviour - samsung galaxy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buyers behaviour - samsung galaxy - Essay Example This is more so in a market where competition is intense, sellers are many, and the target market is relatively the same. Such a market environment informs the analysis of Samsung Galaxy in terms of the behaviour exhibited by its buyers. Samsung Galaxy buyers, just like any other consumer, are rational, and they seek to maximize their welfare at the minimum cost possible. However, this does not mean that they can only buy cheap phones that are offered in the market. Purchases of Samsung Galaxy are influenced by a number of variables, all of which are captured by the decision making theory. In problem recognition, buyers identify their need to buy a phone. This creates a difference between what they have and what they want to purchase. The need or desire to buy Samsung Galaxy constitutes the main problem for which the buyer seeks a resolution. Once the problem has been recognized, the buyer has to move to the next step, which is information search (Jackson, 2008, p.47). The informatio n available to the buyer influences the decision that the buyer makes. While total market information may be hard to capture, product reviews, friends, and advertisements among others act as sources of information for the buyer. Price, quality, product features, brand image, company reputation, product design, and past experiences (Grant, 2011, p.73) are some of the key variables that matter to a Samsung Galaxy buyer. ... On the same note, the respective companies target relatively the same markets. In this respect, product differentiation is vital as buyers move to settle on the best available alternative (Kerin, et al. 2006, p.205; Ward & Aleksandra, 2008, p.227). The actual product choice by the buyer depends on the prior steps in the theory of decision making (Michell, 2011, p.180). Here, the buyer will settle on the alternative product that suits his/her need, desire, tastes, and preferences, not overlooking product affordability and quality factors. For majority Samsung Galaxy buyers who were interviewed, the most influential factors in product choice are product features and design. These two are complemented by price, brand image, Samsung’s reputation in the telecommunications industry, and consumer past experiences with Samsung products. The outcomes exhibited by Samsung Galaxy buyers in regard to the decision making theory show mixed reactions about the product, the company, and the m arket environment. Samsung Galaxy features like camera, GPS, entertainment, calendar/address book, media player, internet access/search/email, handset, design, price, and battery life scored more than more average level of importance to many buyers. Preferences for Blackberry and iPhone in the same line are equal to, exceed, or exhibit lower levels compared to the Samsung Galaxy. On the same note, market trends and personal concerns for each buyer on the product vary significantly (Castells, 2007, p.246; Peters, 2009, p.69). Also, an outstanding factor in the whole analysis is consumer awareness and Samsung’s reputation in the industry. In this respect, the price, features and design of the smartphone inform

AbdolKarim Soroush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

AbdolKarim Soroush - Essay Example A reformist movement has emerged in Iran which seeks to adopt Western and Islamic concepts to create a tolerant and pluralistic Islamic society. Abdolkarim Soroush is a reformist scholar who has challenged the concept of the hard-line clergy in Iran that the mullahs have a divine right to govern and rule society. This paper aims to study the political philosophy, ideas and views of Abdolkarim Soroush. It aims to compare his works with that of leading Islamic revivalist or reformist scholars like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Iqbal, Maulana Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Hassan Banna, Mohmmad Abduh and Rashid Rida. Abdolkarim Soroush is a well known Islamic reformist scholar and intellectual who is affiliated with many prestigious institutions. He served in official positions until resigning in 1983. During the 1990s, Soroush became a vocal critic of the Iranian clergy. His monthly magazine, Kiyan was a platform for Iranian reformists to criticize the clergy. His philosophy is based on the system of Mowlana Jalaleddin Rumi who was a famous Sufi mystic and poet. Soroush makes a distinction between divine revelation and the interpretation of religious knowledge. The divine knowledge is beyond the comprehension of human knowledge as it is eternal and divine in nature. Soroush has â€Å"analyzed the actual process of revelation and the way in which the text† which Islamic scholars â€Å"endeavor to interpret, emerged and materialized† (Mobasser). Religious knowledge is dependant on the interpretations of scholars who might be sincere and authentic. Scholars are human beings who are l imited and prone to mistakes in their interpretation of Islam. Only a cautious and transparent form of government can create a society which compensates for the weakness of human nature. Soroush says that the basis of such a government would be reason, freedom and democracy. These values and beliefs are interlinked with the basic sources

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing Viscoplasticity Inelastic deformation of materials is broadly classified into rate independent plasticity and rate dependent plasticity. The theory of Viscoplasticity describes inelastic deformation of materials depending on time i.e. the rate at which the load is applied. In metals and alloys, the mechanism of viscoplasticity is usually shown by the movement of dislocations in grain [21]. From experiments, it has been established that most metals have tendency to exhibit viscoplastic behaviour at high temperatures. Some alloys are found to exhibit this behaviour even at room temperature. Formulating the constitutive laws for viscoplasticity can be classified into the physical approach and the phenomenological approach [23]. The physical approach relies on the movement of dislocations in crystal lattice to model the plasticity.  Ã‚   In the phenomenological approach, the material is considered as a continuum. And thus   the microscopic behaviour can be represented by the evolution of certain int ernal variables instead. Most models employ the kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening variables in this respect. Such a phenomenological approach is used in this work too. According to the classical theory of plasticity, the deviatoric stresses is the main contribu- tor to the yielding of materials and the volumetric or hydrostatic stress does not influence the inelastic behaviour. It also introduces a yield surface to differentiate the elastic and plastic domains. The size and position of such a yield surface can be changed by the strain history, to model the exact stress state. The theory of viscoplasticity differs from the plasticity theory, by employing a series of equipotential surfaces. This helps define an over-stress beyond the yield surface. The plastic strain rate is given by the viscoplastic flow rule. To model the hardening behaviour, introduction of several internal variables is necessary. Unlike strain or temperature which can be measured to asses the stress state, internal variable or state variables are used to capture the material memory by means of evolution equations. This must include a tensor variable to define the kinematic harden ing and a scalar variable to define the isotropic variable. The evolution of these internal variables allows us to define the complete hardening behaviour of materials. In this work we consider only the small strain framework. The basic principles of viscoplasticity are similar to those from Plasticity theory. The main difference is the introduction of time effects. Thus the concepts from plasticity and the introduction of time effects to describe viscoplasticity, as summarised by Chabocheand Lemaitre[21] are discussed in this chapter. Basic principles Considering small strains framework, the strain tensor can be split into its elastic and inelastic parts ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µin(2.1) where ÃŽ µ is total strain, ÃŽ µe is the elastic strain and ÃŽ µin is the inelastic strain. In this work, we neglect creep and thus consider only the plastic strain to be the inelastic strain. Hence we can proceed to rewrite the above equation as : ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µp(2.2) where ÃŽ µp is the plastic strain. Let us consider a field with stress ÏÆ' = ÏÆ'i j(x) and external volume forces fi. Thus the equilibrium condition is given as: ∂ÏÆ'i j + f ∂xii = 0;i, jÃŽ µ {1,2,3} (2.3) From the balance of moment of momentum equation, we know that the Cauchy stress ten- sor is symmetric in nature. The strain tensor is calculated from the gradient of displacement, uas: 1 .∂uj∂ui. ÃŽ µi j = 2 ∂xi + ∂x (2.4) The Hookes law for the relation between stress and strain tensors is given using the elastic part of the strain: ÏÆ' = E · ÃŽ µe(2.5) where ÃŽ µe and the stress ÏÆ' are second order tensors. E is the fourth order elasticity tensor. Equipotential surfaces In the traditional plasticity theory which is time independent, the stress state is governed by a yield surface and loading-unloading conditions. In Viscoplasticity the time or rate dependent plasticity is described by a series of concentric equipotential surfaces. The location on the centre and its size determine the stress state of a given material. Fig. 2.1 Illustration of equipotential surfaces from [21] It can be understood that the inner most surface or the surface closest to the centre represents a null flow rate(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = 0). As shown in Figure (2.1), the outer most and the farthest surface from the centre represents infinite flow rate (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = ∞). These two surfaces represent the extremes governed by the time independent plasticity laws. The region in between is governed by Viscoplasticity[21]. The size of the equipotential surface is proportional to the flow rate. Greater the flow, greater is the surface size. The region between the centre and the inner most surface is the elastic domain. Flow begins at this inner most surface( f=0). In Viscoplasticity, there are two types of hardening rules to be considered: (i) Kinematic hardening and (ii) isotropic hardening. The Kinematic hardening describes the movement of the equipotential surfaces in the stress plane. From material science, this behaviour is known to be the result of dislocations accumulating at the barriers. Thus it helps in describing the Bauschinger effect [27] which states that when a material is subjected to yielding by  Ã‚  Ã‚   a compressive load, the elastic domain is increased for the consecutive tensile load. This behaviour is represented by ÃŽ ± which does not evolve continuously during cyclic loads and thus fails to describe cyclic hardening or softening behaviours. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.2). Fig. 2.2 Linear Kinematic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] The isotropic hardening on the other hand describes the change in size of the surface and assumes that the centre and shape remains unchanged. This behaviour is due to the number of dislocations in a material and the energy stored in it. It is represented by variable r, which evolves continuously during cyclic loadings. This can be controlled by the recovery phase. As a result, isotropic behaviour is helpful is modelling the cyclic hardening and softening phenomena. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.3). Fig. 2.3 Linear Isotropic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] From Thermodynamics, we know the free energy potential(ψ ) to be a scalar function [21]. With respect to temperature T, it is concave. But convex with respect to other internal variables. Thus, it can be defined as : ψ= ψ.   ,T,ÃŽ µe,ÃŽ µp,Vk.(2.6) where ÃŽ µ,Tare the only measured quantities that can help model plasticity. Vkrepresents the set of internal variable, also known as state variables which help define the memory of the previous stress states. In Viscoplasticity, it is assumed that ψ depends only on ÃŽ µe,T,Vk. Thus we have: ψ= ψ.   e,T,Vk.(2.7) According to thermodynamic rules, stress is associated with strain and the entropy with temperature. This helps us define the following relations: ÏÆ' = Ï  . ∂ψ. ∂Î µe ,s = − .∂ψ. ∂T (2.8) where Ï  is density and s is entropy. It is possible to decouple the free energy function and split it into the elastic and plastic parts. ψ= ψe.   e,T.+ ψp.   ,r,T.(2.9) Similar to ÏÆ', the thermodynamic forces corresponding to ÃŽ ± and r is given by: X = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂Î ± ,R = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂r (2.10) Here we have X the back stress tensor, used to measure Kinematic hardening. It is noted as a Kinematic hardening variable which defines the position tensor of the centre of equipotential surface. Similarly Ris the Isotropic hardening variable which governs the size of the equipotential surface. Dissipation potential The equipotential surfaces that describe Viscoplasticity have some properties. Points on each surface have a magnitude equal to the strain rate. Points on each surface have the same dissipation potential. If potential is zero, there is no plasticity and it refers to the elastic domain. The dissipation potential is represented by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ which is a convex function. It can be defined in a dual form as: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.   ,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.11) It is a positive function and if the variables ÏÆ',X,Rare zero, then the potential is also zero. The normalityrule, defined in [22] suggests that the outward normal vector is proportional to the gradient of the yield function. Applying the normality rule, we may obtain the following relations: ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p = ∂ÏÆ', ÃŽ ±Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢   = ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ , ∂X ∂ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ rËâ„ ¢ = ∂R (2.12) Considering the recovery effects in Viscoplasticity, the dissipation potential can be split into two parts: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.13) where à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p is the Viscoplastic potential and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r   the recovery potential which are defined as : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p..− X. − R− k,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r. ,(2.14) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r.   ,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.15) .3 J2 . . †²Ã¢â‚¬ ².†²Ã¢â‚¬ ² ÏÆ'− X=2  Ã‚   ÏÆ'− X:  Ã‚   ÏÆ' − X (2.16) where J2 .− X. refers to the norm on the stress plane and kis the initial yield or the initial size of equipotential surface. Going back to the relation in (2.12) , we have: ∂J2 . X. ÏÆ'†² − X †² ÏÆ' ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦Ã¢Ë†â€šÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == 3 =pËâ„ ¢ (2.17) p∂ÏÆ'∂J2 . .∂ÏÆ' 2ÏÆ'− X. Here, p is the accumulated viscoplastic strain, given by : .2 pËâ„ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚   = ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p : ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢p(2.18) 3 Also applying the normality rule on eq. (2.15) we may define r as : rËâ„ ¢ = pËâ„ ¢ − ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.19) ∂R Thus when recovery is ignored (i.e à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r = 0), r is equal to p. Perfect viscoplasticity Let us consider pure viscoplasticity where hardening is ignored. Thus the internal variables may also be removed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. ,T.(2.20) Since plasticity is independent of volumetric stress, we may consider just the deviatoric stress ÏÆ' †² = ÏÆ' − 1 tr(ÏÆ')I. Using isotropic property, we may just use the second invariant of ÏÆ' †². Thus: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. (ÏÆ' ),T.(2.21) Applying the normality rule here, we may obtain the flow rule for Viscoplasticity. ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦3∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ÃÆ'†² ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == (2.22) p∂ÏÆ' 2 ∂J2 .ÏÆ'. J2 .ÏÆ'. From the Odqvists law [12], the dissipation potential for perfect viscoplasticity can be obtained. Here the elastic part is ignored. Thus we have: ÃŽ » à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = n + 1 .J2(ÏÆ').n+1 ÃŽ » (2.23) where ÃŽ » and n are material parameters. Using this relation in the flow rule from eq.(2.22), we get: .J2(ÏÆ').nÏÆ'†² 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = p2ÃŽ » J2 . . (2.24) Further the elasticity domain can be included through the parameter kwhich is a measure of the initial yield: 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = .J2(ÏÆ') − k.nÏÆ'†² (2.25) p2ÃŽ » J2 . . The are the Macauley brackets defined by : à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨Fà ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © = F · H(F),H(F) = .1   ifF0 (2.26) 0   ifF

Israel and Syria :: Threats to World Peace

Next week's peace talks between Israel and Syria are expected to focus on the future of the Golan Heights -- strategic land that Israel captured from its Arab neighbor in the 1967 Middle East war. Israeli and Syrian leaders agreed Wednesday to resume their negotiations, which broke off in 1996. The talks are to pick up where they left off nearly four years ago. Analysts say Syria and Israel were close to agreement then. During the renewed negotiations, Israel is expected to insist on security guarantees in its northern territory in exchange for the return of the Golan Heights. Syria might be called upon to demilitarize the area to ensure that goal. U.S. President Bill Clinton announced the resumption of talks at a news conference Wednesday. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk al-Sharaa plan to meet for two days next week in Washington, before returning to the Middle East for more negotiations. The breakthrough came after U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright met Tuesday with Syrian President Hafez Assad in the Syrian capital of Damascus; she met Wednesday with Barak in Jerusalem. VIDEO Watch U.S. President Bill Clinton give his opening remarks at his Wednesday news conference (December 8) QuickTime Play Real 28K 80K Windows Media 28K 80K AUDIO Listen to Clinton's statement on the Mideast peace process 2.5 MB/4.07 min. AIFF or WAV sound ALSO Albright takes work break to stroll in Manger Square MESSAGE BOARD Mideast peace Major issues in dispute between Israel and Syria: How much territory Israel will relinguish. Syria demands all of the Golan Heights, a high ground overlooking northeastern Israel that Syria lost in the 1967 war. Syria also is seeking territory stretching to the Sea of Galilee. Whether Syria will agree to normal diplomatic relations with Israel, including an exchange of ambassadors. The timing of the Israel pullback and whether it will be undertaken in stages. Security arrangements after a pullback. The Golan Heights have served as a protective barrier for Israel and it is seeking substitute arrangements, including an early warning system of imminent attack. From The Associated Press . . .

Assessment Practice in Classroom

Assessment practice in classroom Students’ assessment is one of the essential principles of any pedagogical program; it plays a crucial part in the educational process. According to McMillan (2011), attaining a perfect classroom assessment requires meaningful learning goals and standards that should be set before commencing classroom assessment procedures. Monitoring students’ progress will help teachers to adjust their instructions effectively to take students to the next level of learning.Diagnostic assessment, formative assessment, and summative assessment are major types of classroom assessment, and together they form the assessment cycle. McMillan (2011) points out that teachers must use achievement information derived from summative assessment to provide instructions, to attain the purpose of the assessment, and to give performance feedback to students and parents.Pre assessment or diagnostic assessment is the first step in classroom assessment that teachers do be fore commencing a new learning activity, to provide them with information about students’ pre knowledge, tendencies, and motivations. It is a crucial procedure needed to proceed to the next step, which is formative assessment. This type of classroom assessment is given during a learning activity to detect the student’s progress and adjust teaching according to possible new requirements.After completing the learning activity, summative assessment takes part in the process. This assessment is intended to determine whether long-term learning goals have been met, in addition to providing feedback and measuring the level of success that has been obtained; students can use outcomes of a summative assessment formatively to guide their learning. In order to make this process effective, teachers should perform consistent assessments that provide reliable results because â€Å"unreliable assessments cannot be valid† (Eggen, 2009, p. 36). Unclear directions can give incons istent information that lead to unintended negative consequences. Recurrent failure in students with learning disabilities can lead to a further failure; teachers can support those students by encouraging them, and trying to rebuild their self-confidence (Robinson, 2008). Those students need special materials and learning strategies to deal with their learning problems. Diagnosing the students first, can help teachers to make right decisions later, considering each student’s individuality.There are several methods to be used in the classroom to ensure success according to Robinson (2008). For instance, the language experience approach and reading â€Å"usually guarantees interest, as it is one in which the student has a personal involvement. It is implemented with them and for them, it belongs to them. It allows the pupil to become involved in the learning process. Confidence and success are usually guaranteed, as developing your own stories based on everyday activities is l ikely to make the task easier to learn.Reading one's own story, for example, should be easier as writers should remember what the story was about† (Robinson, 2008, p. 306). This method represents an example of formative assessment in a classroom. The final stage of assessment represents the process of summative assessment. Robinson (2008) suggests that reading the story onto a tape recorder could be beneficial for revision, by revising the students’ work, teachers will provide feedback to students, and may want to set forth new instructional plans to promote students’ learning.Classroom assessment is a teachers’ powerful educational tool, especially when they use it to diagnose students with learning difficulties, and make modifications to their learning materials and instructions. McMillan (2011) argues that in order to make the assessment procedure successful in case of teaching students with learning difficulties, teachers should observe students precis ely to give accurate indications of their performance. Employing the assessment cycle in classroom reinforces learning and improves its quality.Making modifications that conform to learners’ capabilities can positively influence them educationally. (514) words References: McMillan, James H. (2010) Classroom Assessment: Principles and Practice for Effective Standards-Based Instruction, 5th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Dec-10 Eggen, P. (2009) Educational Psychology: windows on classrooms, 8th Edition. Pearson/Australia, Jan-09 Robinson, G. (2008b). Understanding literacy and numeracy. In P. Foreman (Ed. ), Inclusion in action (2nd ed. , pp. 303-307). South Melbourne, Victoria: Thompson.

Free Essays on Commercial Databases

There are both advantages and disadvantages to using fee-based or commercial databases within a law library setting. The actual setting of the law library, whether it is academic or corporate, may also make a difference in whether fee-based databases prove to be advantageous. There are many advantages of electronic sources of legal information, both from the aspect of the librarian as well as from the user aspect. First, electronic databases require no shelf space as compared to print materials, a particularly important aspect as the significant number of law books tend to take up a large area of shelf space. It is debatable whether the cost of new library space to store print materials is more expensive than the cost of a subscription to an electronic database, but there could be circumstances of library renovation that would certainly prove to be more expensive than database subscriptions. Another advantage of fee-based databases from an administrative standpoint is that the resources are continually monitored and updated by the vendor rather than the librarian. Subsequently, less of the librarians’ time is spent in the shelving and filing of various loose-leaf materials. Less time is also spent on updating each legal publication. Third, typically a database allows multiple user access to the same case or article, depending on the license of the particular database, thus permitting more than one patron to view the material. This alleviates the frustration of the library user in not being able to locate materials that have been checked out or in use by another patron. In addition, an attorney, law student, or other patron is able to access a database such as Lexis-Nexis from remote locations. Fourth, searching in electronic databases also offers advantages to both the patron and librarian staff who are conducting searches to assist patrons. Keyword searching enables the library user to search full-text and bibliographic i... Free Essays on Commercial Databases Free Essays on Commercial Databases There are both advantages and disadvantages to using fee-based or commercial databases within a law library setting. The actual setting of the law library, whether it is academic or corporate, may also make a difference in whether fee-based databases prove to be advantageous. There are many advantages of electronic sources of legal information, both from the aspect of the librarian as well as from the user aspect. First, electronic databases require no shelf space as compared to print materials, a particularly important aspect as the significant number of law books tend to take up a large area of shelf space. It is debatable whether the cost of new library space to store print materials is more expensive than the cost of a subscription to an electronic database, but there could be circumstances of library renovation that would certainly prove to be more expensive than database subscriptions. Another advantage of fee-based databases from an administrative standpoint is that the resources are continually monitored and updated by the vendor rather than the librarian. Subsequently, less of the librarians’ time is spent in the shelving and filing of various loose-leaf materials. Less time is also spent on updating each legal publication. Third, typically a database allows multiple user access to the same case or article, depending on the license of the particular database, thus permitting more than one patron to view the material. This alleviates the frustration of the library user in not being able to locate materials that have been checked out or in use by another patron. In addition, an attorney, law student, or other patron is able to access a database such as Lexis-Nexis from remote locations. Fourth, searching in electronic databases also offers advantages to both the patron and librarian staff who are conducting searches to assist patrons. Keyword searching enables the library user to search full-text and bibliographic i...

The Declaration of independence essays

The Declaration of independence essays The Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson, is the document in which American colonists fought for their freedom from British rule. The Second Continental Congress, with representatives of the 13 British colonies in America, adopted the declaration on July 4, 1776. The document is divided into three parts, a introduction which is a statement of principal concerning rights of man of the revolution against Britain, a list of specific complaints not to parliament but to King George III, and a formal claim of independence from England. The Declaration of Independence reflected the enlightened ideas of European philosopher John Locke and Sir Thomas Paine. John Locke was a philosopher who was the originator of the concept of government and the believed that all people are equal with certain rights that the government cannot violate on. The other man that had a lot of influence in the idea of independence was Sir Thomas Paine. This 50 page pamphlet asserted that colonies received no advantage from England which was exploiting them. It also called for consideration of colonies to become independent and establish their own republican government. The Birthday of a new world is at hand said Thomas Paine; he also compared the monarchy to an institution. The one person who was singled out in the Declaration of Independence was King George III. There were reasons to why the King is being asked or basically told why this call for separation and independence. The king refused to make laws for the colonies well being. He forbid for governors to pass important laws immediately that would benefit colonies. That he set up the dictating government across the Atlantic Ocean, by doing this exhausted colonies governmental suggestions into agreement since it took so long for an answer. The big one was that the he allowed Parliament to tax without any formal representation from colony delegates. To top it off he cut o...

Involvement of Parents in Early Years Setting Dissertation

Involvement of Parents in Early Years Setting - Dissertation Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 The Barriers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Probable Solutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Research Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Ethical Consideration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Findings and Discussions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Findings from Parents’ Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..26 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 Fig 1 14 Fig 2 15 Fig 3 17 Fig 4 18 Fig 5 18 Fig 6 19 Fig 7 25 Introduction The involvement of parents in the education of their children, in all stages, is recognised as a crucial paradigm shift in contemporary education (Carlton & Winsler, 1999). It creates a learning environment that is not bounded by structures, but it enhances and encourages the formation of a collaborative learning environment between the home and the school (Parker et al, 1999). This approach is needed, as education is one first step towards helping children in developing themselves, defining their future career and enabling them to becoming responsible citizens (Smit et al, 2008; U.S. Department of Education, 2010). In this regard, laws and policies of almost all countries all over the world embrace the importance of parental involvement in education (Smit et al, 2008). Parental involvement is synonymous with ‘parental partnership’, ‘parent participation’, school-family relations’ and ‘educational partnership’ (Macbeth, 1993; Smit et al, 1999). Nonetheless, all th ese terminologies refer to parental involvement as the collaborative effort and support given by parents, carers, the teachers, school, and other stakeholders with the purpose of improving, motivating, developing and helping children in their education (Davies & Johnson, 1996; van der Wolf & Beukering, 2001). However, parental

Project managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project managment - Essay Example Assistant project manager shall be responsible for assisting the manager and completing tasks designated by him. To avoid redundancy of functions, project is aided through specialization of already existing functional divisions of organization. Limited number of employees shall be hired to form part of project team, providing technical expertise that is not available with in-house departments. General equipment, labor and material are provided by such units which in turn charge them off against project costing account. Contracts officer must be hired to manage all communications between project team and functional divisions, to convey project requirements to them and to establish contractual terms with customers. The subcontractor contributes to completion of project tasks that are primarily allocated to main contractor (Whelan & George, 80). Correspondence with them must be handled directly by the contracts officer. A common project office should be established to furnish subcontrac tors adequately and formal channels of communications shall be in place. A formal document, namely Statement of Work, shall be prepared, defining responsibilities of team members and subcontractor. The organizational support functions shall provide assistance in aspects of quality control, training needs of members and information technology. A master schedule shall be prepared that identifies the constraints, significant milestones and interdependence and linkages between project activities (Public Health Emergency, 2013). How this structure actually works in the given scenario? The hierarchy in a given case is irregular, with project manager leading the project followed by assistant project manager who chairs the steering committee. Managers, of those functional divisions whose resources are being absorbed in project activities, are members of the committee. Project manager manages all matters and communications directly with the subcontractor. However, assistant project manager i s responsible for handling matters related to prime contractors. A general project office has been established to provide supporting activities of the project, while an independent contracts officer is hired who coordinates and bridges the gaps between project team, functional divisions and the project customer. Moreover, he also ensures that concrete contractual arrangements are established for all services and duly signed agreements are created and documented. Can the project manager be from military background? Armed forces have highly formalized environment, with stringent deadlines and steadfast policies and procedures. Various projects are ongoing in military forces and soldiers holding influential positions are responsible for execution of these projects. As a result, some of them have strong and effective project management experience and skills which make veterans a natural fit for leading non-military projects as well. Advantages and disadvantages of this structure Advanta ges: Involvement of managers of functional division in steering committee is highly effective since their specialized knowledge and experience can come in handy for taking decisions pertaining to project. Presence of independent contracts officer shall ensure compliance with contractual obligations, efficient coordination and collaboration of efforts to achieve project goals.

Gender-Based Differences in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Research Paper

Gender-Based Differences in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - Research Paper Example As reported by the American Heart Association (2006), almost 70% of the total population of the United States has cardiovascular disease. As shown in the charts above (Health Care Online, 2011), males are more prone to develop CVD than women at the age below 60. Men die 10 years younger than women from heart attacks (Kannel et al., 1976). However, this biological advantage of women over men shrinks as they age. II. Biological Theories The primary biological advantage of women over men in terms of CVD risk is the female sex hormone, estrogen. Estrogen protects women from cardiovascular disease. Most of the protective functions of estrogen originate from its role in controlling cholesterol levels. This hormone works in the liver to eliminate unnecessary cholesterol in the body (Saleh & Connell, 2007). More particularly, estrogen boosts the level of good cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and minimizes the buildup of bad cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Bad chol esterol buildup blocks blood vessels which then can disrupt blood flow to the heart. In contrast, good cholesterol reduces these blockages by minimizing the level of bad cholesterol (Vitale, Miceli, & Rosano, 2007). Estrogen strengthens the prostacyclin receptor. The prostacyclin receptor, which soothes the production of vascular smooth muscle cells and minimizes pulmonary vascular disorders, is a primary goal for estrogen being controlled by the estrogen receptor proteins— ERa and ERb (Saleh & Connell, 2007). Prostacyclin receptor can hinder the tightening of vessel walls, blood clotting, and clustering of platelets (Sugden, 2001). Thus the protein can help protect the body from heart disease. Estrogen also prevents the development of dangerous blockages by working on white blood cells. These white blood cells can cause blockages by accumulating in the interiors of blood vessels (Sugden, 2001). Women in their childbearing years have higher amount of the protein annexin-A1 in their white blood cells compared to men. Annexin-A1 stops white blood cells from aggregating in the blood vessel wall which can cause vascular disorder (Sugden, 2001). Therefore, Pre-menopausal women are less prone to CVD than post-menopausal ones. Epidemiological studies reported lower CVD risk factors among estrogen-enriched women. These findings resulted in the assumption that estrogen-enhancing therapy, such as the use of birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), for a specified period of time before the onset of the menopause is feasible. It is assumed that estrogens assume a major physiological function when the heart exhibits reperfusion disorder, which is an injury to the renal blood vessels (Saleh & Connell, 2007). Normally, estrogen activity is interceded by particular estrogen receptors (ERs). ERs are part of the primary group of steroid hormone receptor, which can function as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which serves a vital function in sus taining vascular homeostasis by combining and discharging a number of soothing elements, like prostacyclin (Saleh & Connell, 2007), with possible repercussions for coronary heart function. Nevertheless, the use of birth control pills has been linked to the raised amount of C-reactive protein related to CVD. This C-reactive protein (CRP) is generated in the body as a reaction to inflammation (Mendelsohn, 2002). Recurrently high CRP levels have been connected

Plunkitt of Tammany Hall Essay Example for Free

Plunkitt of Tammany Hall Essay â€Å"There’s an honest graft and, I’m an example of how it works†¦I’ve seen my opportunities and I took ‘em† (3). An excerpt that defines the confident and political leader: George Washington Plunkitt. As a brilliant and successful businessman Plunkitt managed to use his method of machine politics to win the heart and commitment of people and political power. In the novel Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, author William L. Riordon, Plunkitt’s political reporter who records the many lectures Plunkitt presented at Tammany Hall. The book emphasizes on Plunkitt’s advocacy for political control and the political machine that helped him gain wealth and a political seat in Tammany Hall. In novel, Plunkitt defends the political machine by explaining the difference between â€Å"honest graft† and â€Å"dishonest graft†. Many accused the political leaders of Tammany Hall of gaining wealth from graft. Plunkitt describes the difference between the two terms. He describes â€Å"dishonest graft† as â€Å"blackmailin’ gamblers, saloonkeepers, and disorderly people† (3). In other words, the corruption of gaining political or business power used from bribery. Plunkitt’s term for â€Å"honest graft† has to do with the example of purchasing and selling off land for business projects. For example, if the town begins discussing a specific piece of land to be used for a community park, Plunkitt would buy that piece of land, inflate the price, and sell the property to the project developer. Plunkitt finds his way of profiting â€Å"honest†; I call this taking advantage of ones political power. As an â€Å"honest† Irish- American Plunkitt knows how to take advantage of the game and he will continue to play it until sand turns into stone. With the ability to win over voter’s hearts and gain political support Plunkitt comfortably knows how to keep a seat in Tammany Hall. One of his, again, â€Å"honest† tactics, Plunkitt knows how to target specific types of voters. In the chapter â€Å"To Hold Your District†, Plunkett claims how to target the lower class people. He would start house fires so that the poor would not have any clothing or food. Then Plunkitt would act as a friend to the people giving them quarters for clothing and food to win the heart of the people. In other words, he was gaining a vote. Plunkitt would even hand out candy to children to promise to make sure their parents were voting for him in elections. As a corruption to society, Plunkitt knew how fake the political act and win people over with friendships. According to Plunkitt in order to become a politician in Tammany Hall one must know how to bluff. Everything was about winning a vote, whether it was taking someone to a baseba ll game or handing out candy to children. What ever it took. As a business and political man, Plunkitt knew the political game inside and out. With corruption, he managed to continue to remain in office for countless years. Even though Plunkitt’s grammar was inferior to a professors’ or college graduate, it had nothing to do with being a political powerhouse. A politician had to have common sense and know how to gain ones trust, even if it meant dishonesty. By selling himself and taking advantage of political and business opportunities with â€Å"honest† or â€Å"dishonest† graft, Plunkitt attentiveness always kept himself in front with wealth and politically.

The influential factors behind the growth of globalisation

The influential factors behind the growth of globalisation Current business environment is more volatile and dynamic. There are different reasons behind this transformation in the world. Globalisation is one of the main factors that behind the above change. We can define globalisation as a process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Earlier existed boundaries between countries in the world have been dramatically reduced due to the globalisation. This is seen as more than simply a way of conducting business- it can be considered as a continues process. This is not a new force that emerged few years back, it has been taking place for hundreds of years but it has speeded up enormously over the last half-century. In History, in a similar manner, the techniques of industrial manufacturing lead to create the process of industrialisation, now that process has linked with the globalisation and has created new environment of operating businesses. There are few influential factors behind the growth of globalisation. Increase in communication technology is one of them. TV, telephony and the internet have permitted information and ideas to travel quickly. As an example USA businesses can have a call centre in Philippine or India answering calls from local customers. Another factor is improvements in the transportation sector. It has become more quick and cheap. People can go for holiday all around the world. Workforce can seek for a job opportunity available in another country. Businesses can easily ship their product and raw materials all over the world. Another main influential factor behind the growth is trade liberalisation. This has been excelled due to the Laws restricting for free trade and fo reign investment movements have been relaxed between countries. Some governments even offer grants and tax incentives to attract foreign companies to invest in their country. These actions have lead to create free trade zones in the world. In other words theses are known as trade blocs where groups of nations who form an economic union or customs union. Governments follow friendly rules and regulation within those regions for trading purposes. For example the European Union (EU) aims at not just a customs union but also economic union by way of harmonisation of taxes, establishing a common monetary policy and moves towards a single currency. EU has now expanded over 26 member countries and benefited to combined population of 356 million. Trading blocs generally increase the integration and interdependency of the member economies which is speed up the globalisation process. As a result of trading blocs trade amongst the members has increased, which ultimately increase the world trade capacity. Further it gives the opportunity to businesses better access to effective capital and labour markets which increases the movement of labour within the countries and increase investments. For example Poland workers have been well recognized in the UK and Ireland labour markets. As result of the globalisation process international trade has increased dramatically in the 20th century. Many countries get more chances to participate in the world trade. As a result of increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) many labour oriented countries get access to capital market and vice -versa. Their natural resources value has increased and countries have more capability to use them to manufacture export oriented goods. Increase in international trade brings better standard of living through access to many ways of satisfying their needs and wants. Further it is argued that current development of trading blocs help international trade through making global negotiations easier, in the case of trade negotiations.   For example the EU will negotiate as a single trading block making it easier to push through practises which increase free trade. As per the following graph it is arguable that benefits of international trade have been equally distributed among the world population. Globalisation and increase in international trade is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries and has affected to the balance of international trade. However globalisation is having a dramatic effect on the organisations for good or ill. Some positive impacts are as follows; Increase greater access to capital market. Inward investment by MNCs helps organisation to start new businesses locally and in foreign countries. This will provide new jobs and skills for local people. Companies can bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, products and services. Release of government regulation and establishing better infrastructure in the local economy attract foreign investments. China is well known for cheap labour compared to western countries labour cost. This has become a main reason for many organisations moving their businesses to China. Further investment friendly environment through strong financial support (Tax benefits, financial institutes) for new businesses, attract their cheap resources for other countries. Most of the western countries resources are fully utilised and market have become more matures, but there are emerging economies like China, India, Brazil and Russia which consist many untapped cheap resources. Therefore as a result of pressure built up from the Western markets, businesses now moving for those emerging markets. This process has been made easier and more comfortable due to the globalisation. The extra money created by these investments can be spent on education, health and infrastructure of the countries. (Corporate Social Responsibility activities) Achieve economies of scale. Economies of scale means the increase in  efficiency of production  as the number of goods  being produced increases.  Economies of scale lowers the average cost per unit through increased production since fixed costs are shared over an increased number of goods. Initially Adams Smith identified division of labour and specialization are the main factors that lead to economies of scale. However as Globalisation process increases companies get other opportunities to reduce their production cost and achieve economies of scale. Access to lower inputs and specialized inputs in different countries would bring the economies of scale. Costly inputs such as research and development, advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor now can be outsourced to specialized countries and it will result in increased efficiency and lead to a decrease in the average cost of production and selling. Therefore economies of scale provides  big companies  access to a larger market with lower cost of production and greater margin for their products.    Globalisation increases awareness of events happening in the world. For example, the USA was quickly made aware of the 2011 tsunami in Japan and sent help rapidly in response. Globalisation may help to make people more aware of global issues such as deforestation and global warming and alert them to the need for sustainable development. The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures. People can experience foods and other products not previously available in their countries. Globalisation has resulted in many businesses starting or buying operations in other countries. Companies that operate in several countries are called multinational corporations (MNCs) or transnational corporations (TNCs). Presence in different countries brings interaction with different cultural and social values. On this case business practices that are successful in local country could be act as negatively or positively under different cultural and social values. Therefore it is advisable to find answer to following questions before starting a new venture with another country. What are the main difference between cultures?, Are they matter of learning a new handshake, or do they go deeper than that?, Can cultural differences really have that much impact on the business deal? Etc. Finding solution for those questions is helpful for organisations to handle cultural differences in business expansions. For example language differences, the way they perceive time, traditional and religious believes etc. play a big role in Asian countries. When US and European base organisations move towards the Asian countries the above cultural factors could act as barriers for entry to those markets. In terms of communication US and Europeans are considered as low context cultures, language is direct and explicit, but when it comes to Asian countries they are known as high context cultures where language is indirect. Further as per certain cultural and social practices men dominate in the business sector than the women but in European organisation everyone gets equal opportunity to participate in the operations. Therefore when companies setup new business in a different culture, that company need to customise their corporate culture as per the local cultural values. As an example the US fast food chain McDonalds, large MNC which has nearly 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries, had a problem of sell ing beef burger in India due to the religious believes. Further they launched Mc Rice in Sri Lanka since rice is the main food in the Sri Lankan culture. Likewise multinational companies tend to customise their strategies to overcome certain social and cultural restrictions as well as implement new thing to take advantageous. In current business environment sometimes it is difficult to follow a global strategy for their operation in throughout the world. Therefore most companies tailor their management strategy and organisational structures to respond to the local factors. In other words local responsiveness is essential when a psychic distance is higher in two different countries. As a result of this new relationships will occur in managing businesses globally. Joint venture agreements, alliances etc. are common relationships that business partners follow to reduce their risk exposure in the current business environment. Designing of organisational structure and management style is important capture the opportunities available in the market. Some companies follow decentralised structure to increase the speed of decision making in the particular market. Some other companies follow a selective approach by some functions are retain in with the parent country and others establish in different markets. As exa mple GAP Inc.s designing function is conducted in centrally and manufacturing function has been outsourced to Asian countries. This mechanism has benefitted them through utilising Asian countries specialised capabilities of manufacturing to convert their design into practical product. Therefore globalisation process brings new organisational designs and management styles to the market. Local markets work force have now increased and well interact with the MNCs. Earlier they were only involved for lower level operations but now management representation also has increased. This is a good advantage for MNCs to take advantage of innovative skills of the local employees since they have more experience in the particular market. Microsoft has given more concentration on Indian market since that workforce well recognised for IT skills. From employees perspective also this will be a good opportunity for them to utilise their skills effectively. Recognition, income level, career opportunities, opportunity to obtain foreign exposures etc. will be increased through working in multinational company. Their innovative concept could bring to the world market through the help of MNCs. So far this report addressed only the good side of the Globalisation and not that mean it doesnt have a dark side. Following are few negative impacts of globalisation Globalisation operates mostly in the interests of the developed countries, which continue to dominate world trade at the expense of developing countries. The role of developing countries market has become to provide the North and West with cheap labour and raw materials at lower cost. There are no guarantees that the proper benefits from inward investment will benefit the local community in developing countries. Often, profits are sent back to the MNCs parent countries. This has become easier for them due the tax relief offered by the local governments. Further these MNCs with their massive economies of scale, possibility to drive local companies out of business. After that If these MNCs realised that it becomes cheaper to operate in another country than the current one then they move for better opportunity by closing down the factory and make local people redundant. This would be a major hit for the local economy. Increase environmental population due to the high industrialisation. Globalisation is viewed by many as it affects to the worlds cultural diversity and it feared that it may westernise the local traditions and languages. After considering the above negative sides of the globalisation we can state that it is not helping to close the gap between the worlds poorest countries and the worlds richest. In the case of trading blocs, it is argued they create conflicting parties fighting for regional interests not for every ones benefits. As per the World Trade Organisations statistics, the worlds poorest countries share of world trade has declined by more than 40 per cent since 1980 to a mere 0.4 per cent and the poorest 49 countries make up 10% of the worlds population, but account for only 0.4% of world trade. (Online, www.gatt.org) This clearly shows benifits of globalisation has not been distributed equally. Further its doubt that MNCs pay fair amount for the developing countries resources. As a result of these negative reasons poor peoples living standards remain same and the gap between poor countries and rich countries wont reduce. Conclusion Globalisation has a major impact on the business environment as well as the people general life pattern. Within the current knowledge economy, knowledge workers have more opportunities due to the globalisation. Their career is not static as compared to the traditional workers. They always seek better opportunities in the market and as a result of globalisation their career path has extended even for different countries. However, as a MNC, they have more responsibilities and accountability for their actions in the different markets. As a good corporate citizen they must give their focus on improving local social and educational life the local people also. Further they must ensure fair consideration for the resources utilised the developing countries. These will ultimately useful to break the bridge between rich and poor countries.

Capital Punishment - Cruel and Inhumane? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment - Cruel and Inhumane? After centuries of nearly universal implementation, the death penalty remains a deeply debated issue. While one execution takes place, other murders occur, and the question still stands: Will the death penalty safeguard society and deter murder, or will it not? The death penalty cannot be considered a proper economical and moral means of punishment to deter those who might commit capital offenses, or can it? In the past, capital punishment horrified people, which deterred them from committing crime. In England, the country from which the United States adopted the death penalty, the death penalty was imposed for a rather large number of offenses in an effort to discourage people from committing crimes. Methods of inflicting the death penalty have ranged "From stoning in biblical times, crucifixion under the Romans, beheading in France, to those used in the United States today: hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, and lethal injection"(Bedau 124). There were drastic penalties for such serious crimes as homicide. Execution was a suitable punishment for those times. Today, though, the law is not as strict. This leads potential criminals not to fear the death penalty because government today uses more "humane" methods of execution, rather than the brutal punishment that history portrayed. People who oppose the death penalty say that "there is no evidence that the murder rate fluctuates according to the frequency with which the death penalty is used" (Masur 153). It is more likely that the convict would be paroled instead of being executed because of the present practice of allowing unlimited appeals. Convicted criminals are not exposed to cruel punishment, but rather given a long waiting period. If the criminal is put to death, it is usually done as mercifully as possible. One problem with the death penalty, presently, is that crime is not decreasing, but rather increasing. If capital punishment is supposed to deter crimes such as murder, it is not serving its purpose. Even philosophers, such as Beccaria, Voltaire, and Bentham of the Enlightenment Period, argued that "the death penalty was needlessly cruel, overrated as a deterent, and occasionally imposed in fatal error" (Fogelson 89). Another problem with the death penalty is the enormous amount of money being spent on implementation. It costs taxpayers millions of dollars more to execute a criminal than to lock him up for life. The number of prisoners on death row has been steadily increasing and will soon meet all time highs. This fact brings up the question of economic feasibility of the implementation, as well as the question of weather the death penalty is actually an effective